How a Cyclotron Works
A cyclotron uses a combination of static magnetic fields and alternating electric fields to accelerate charged particles (like protons or ions) in a spiral path.
Ion Source: Located at the center, it injects particles (often $H^-$ ions) into the vacuum chamber.
The "Dees": Two hollow D-shaped electrodes are positioned between the poles of a large magnet.
The Path: A constant magnetic field forces the particles into a circle. Every time they cross the gap between the "Dees," an alternating electric field gives them an energy boost, increasing their speed.
Spiral Motion: As the particles gain energy, their orbital radius increases, causing them to move in a widening spiral.
Extraction: Once they reach the desired energy (e.g., 18 MeV for medical tracers), they are directed toward a target material.